Wednesday, January 27, 2010

methane from organic waste

Inventors:
Mccann, James L. (101-1498 Harwood Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA)
Application Number:
08/188935
Publication Date:
09/05/1995
Filing Date:
01/31/1994
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5447850.html
What is claimed is:
1. A method of producing methane from urban waste, comprising the steps of:
shreadding the waste;
inoculating the waste with nitrogen producing aeroble microorganisms,;
formenting the waste with the acrobic microorganisms to increase nitrogen levels in the waste sufficiently for anaerobic fermentation thereof;
further increasing nitrogen control in the waste by the addition of solid or liquid residue selected from the group consisting of manure and leguminosne plants:
continuing the aerobic fermentation until the carbon/nitrogen ratio is approximately 30:1
inoculating the waste with anaerobic microorganims;
placing the waste with anaerobic microorganism;
placing the waste inoculated with the anaerobic microorganisms in an oxygen free environment and
evolving methane from the waste in the oxygen free environment.2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is exposed to oxygen for one week before placing the waste in the oxygen free environment. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is enriched with nitrogen by adding solid residue remaining after the methane is evolved during a previous cycle of said method. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerobic microorganisms include a bacteria selected from the group consisting of Cellulomonas, Streptomyces, Bactcroides, Sarcina, Clostridium, Escherichia, Rhizobium, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Rhodeopseudomonas, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Aerobacter, Bacillus, Leptospira, and Beggiatoa or Trichoderma fungi. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerobic microorganism is Cellulomonas spp. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the microorganism is the fungi Trichoderma spp. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is placed in a container after being shredded. 8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is heated during said aerobic fermentation. 9. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the waste is heated by inoculating the waste with bacillus sub tillis. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is flooded with an aqueous liquid before being placed in the oxygen free environment. 11. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is mixed during the anaerobic fermentation. 12. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is at a temperature of 0° C. to 71° C. as the methane is evolved. 13. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waste is at a temperature of 32° C. to 38° C. as the methane is evolved. 14. A method as claimed as claim 1, wherein the mixture is at a pH between 6.8 and 8.0 as the nitrogen evolves. 15. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the waste is mixed once a day. 16. A method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the waste is purged of oxygen before evolution of methane begins. 17. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the oxygen is purged by natural gas added to the container.
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of treating organic waste, particularly urban garbage and a method of producing methane therefrom.
2. Description of Related Art
It is well known that methane iS produced as a result of organic material decomposing under anaerobic conditions. In particular, methane is produced and recovered as the result of treating sewage and other waste. However, the amount of methane recovered by present processes is relatively small and of little commercial significance.
The disposal of household garbage has become an increasing problem in North America and throughout the world. Tremendous volumes of such garbage are produced, approximately 500 kilograms per person a year according to some estimates. This garbage contains a high proportion of organic waste such as paper. At present disposal is typically accomplished by trucking garbage to landfill sites where it is compacted and covered with sand or soil. Such sites however become unsightly and can cause contamination of the environment through seepage.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved method for disposing of household garbage and other organic waste while overcoming the deficiencies associated with landfill sites and other conventional means of disposal.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a method of disposing of household garbage and the like which produces useful by-products.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved method of producing methane from organic waste which is significantly more efficient and faster.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide an improved method of producing a useful fuel which preserves the limited resources of petroleum, coal, natural gas and other such resources.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with these objects, the invention provides a method of producing methane from organic waste. The waste is shredded and then seeded with aerobic microorganisms. The waste is fermented with the microorganisms. The waste is then inoculated with anaerobic microorganisms. The waste is placed in an oxygen free environment and methane is evolved from the waste. The aerobic microorganisms die and become a nitrogen source for the anaerobic microorganism.
The waste may be placed in a container after being shredded.
Preferably the waste is heated during the aerobic fermentation. For example, the waste may be heated by inoculating the waste with bacillus sub tills.
The waste may be enriched with nitrogen by inoculating the waste with a nitrogen fixer.
The method according to the invention offers significant advantages compared with prior methods of disposing of waste and producing methane. It is capable of handling high volumes of garbage produced by urban areas. The process is safe and the products and by-products are more useful and environmentally more friendly than the initial input of garbage. Significant volumes of methane can be produced which are useful for commercial or industrial applications. This is to be compared with prior art methods of producing methane from waste where barely enough methane is produced to utilize in the process itself. Furthermore, the method requires a capital investment appreciably smaller than that required for some other disposal techniques.
Furthermore, the method does not expose the surrounding area to gaseous emissions as encountered when disposal is achieved by incinerators for example.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a top, front perspective view of an apparatus for producing methane according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1, showing the apparatus partially constructed;
FIG. 3 is a simplified, top plan view of one of the containers thereof with the cover removed;
FIG. 4 is a side, sectional view thereof;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary section of one of the support frames thereof;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged, fragmentary view showing the joint between one of the steps and the top of one of the containers;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged, fragmentary view showing a portion of one of the support frames, a cable for supporting the roof and the bracket thereof;
FIG. 8 is a simplified side sectional view of one of the containers and related equipment;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the frame for one of the doors thereof;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along line 10--10 of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a top plan view of one of the doors;
FIG. 12 is a sectional view taken along line 12--12 of FIG. 11; and
FIG. 13 is a flow chart showing a method of disposing of waste and producing methane according to an embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The invention requires a large container which can be sealed from the ambient air. Preferably the structure should be large enough to hold the volume of waste accumulated from two weeks' pick-up. The roof must be airtight yet should be flexible enough to accommodate pressure developed in the structure.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show an apparatus 20 for producing methane from organic waste which includes six such containers 22. In the present example each container is in the form of a cylinder of reinforced concrete. Each cylinder in this example is 30 meters in diameter and 30 meters high with a volume of approximately 21,000 cubic meters. The size however can be changed for other embodiments of the invention. FIG. 2 shows the containers 22 with roofs 24, shown in FIG. 1, removed and the containers in different stages of completion.
Each roof is formed with a 5.4 meter concrete step 26. The step is supported by a plurality of support frames 27 of structural steel in this example, as seen in FIG. 2 and FIG. 5. The step wall 28 is 1.5 meters high. A support roof is formed by stretching a 1 cm. steel cable 30 between the extending reinforcing rods. The concrete structure is formed by slip forming. These dimensions relate to this preferred embodiment and can be varied in other embodiments as can the specific structure.
The flexible cover 32 is made from glass fiber reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in this example. The cover is bonded onto the side wall and stabilized with a cable mesh 33 anchored to brackets 35 welded to corner support frames 27 as seen in FIG. 1 and FIG. 7.
Waste is loaded into the container by means of airtight doors 34 built into the step roof. The doors are dish-shaped, as seen in FIG. 11 and 12 and have a plurality of slots 52 arranged therearound. Each door fits releasably within a frame 54, shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, which has a plurality of interior projections 56, each having an angled bottom 58. There is one projection received in each slot in the door. The projections tighten. against the door to hold it securely after the door is placed over the frame and rotated slightly. A clean out valve 36, best shown in FIG. 8, is built into the bottom of the container. Access to the valve is through a service tunnel 38 which also houses an additional door 40 which permits machines to enter the container to facilitate unloading; and clean-up. The residue sludge is emptied into holding ponds 42 where the separation of water from the sludge can take place. A high pressure water nozzle 44 (shown in FIG. 8) is positioned so that the stream will travel through each of the clean out valves so that any obstruction can be readily removed.
High pressure water nozzles 46, shown in FIG. 8, are also built into the inner base of the container. This high pressure water is used for periodic mixing of the fermenting waste.
Removal of oxygen in order to reduce the risk of an explosion is accomplished by feeding natural gas into the container and purging the gases therein through an umbilical hose 48 leading to a manometer 50, best shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to the process itself, the input waste is typically urban, household garbage although the process would be applicable to other types of waste as well. The conversion of the waste is expedited by first shredding the material. The waste is inoculated with aerobic microorganisms during or after the shredding process. These serve a number of important purposes. The first is to break down the cellulose fiber into smaller fractions, later to be an essential food material (nitrogen source) for the subsequent anaerobic fermentation process described also below. Fungi, such as Trichoderma spp and bacteria, such as Cellulomonas spp may be used instead or as well.
The second function of the microorganisms is to heat the mass of the waste to speed the subsequent anaerobic fermentation. The heating in this example is accomplished by the heat of evolution which is defined as the heat given off during the process of the aerobic decay.
The third function of the microorganisms is to increase the nitrogen in the waste prior to the anaerobic process. The anaerobic process requires a carbon/nitrogen ratio of approximately 30:1 which is the approximate ratio of carbon to nitrogen consumed by the anaerobic organisms subsequently employed. However, typical garbage and vegetable matter has a much higher carbon to nitrogen ratio, so steps must be taken to increase the nitrogen.
Initially the nitrogen can be increased by adding solid or liquid residue recovered at the end of the anaerobic process. This is relatively high in nitrogen, typically about 14%. Manure from other sources may be substituted. This is typically done by soil bacteria of the Rhizobium genus acting in a symbiotic relationship with a host plant, usually a member of the family Leguminosae including the sub-orders Papilionaceae, Caesalpinieae and Mimoseae. Three examples of these plants are Pueraria thunbergiana, Pueraria lobota and Leucaena leucocephala. These examples along with beans, alfalfa and clover are all leguminosae plants.
Some of the bacteria useful in the aerobic process are as follows:
______________________________________
Cellulomonas Micrococcus Streptomyces Proteus Bacteroides Rhodeopseudomonas Sarcina Serratia Clostridium Pseudomonas Escherichia Aerobacter Rhizobium Bacillus Streptococcus Leptospira Bacillus Sub tilis Beggaiatoa
______________________________________
In addition, as discussed above, the fungi Trichoderma spp and Cellulomonas spp may be utilized as well.
The aerobic fermentation and subsequent anaerobic fermentation described below may be enhanced by poisoning out microorganisms which do not contribute to the desired result. This is an opportunity for the use of antimicrobials and, to a lesser degree, selected microbes. In addition, the rate of decomposition may be accelerated by the use of designed bacteria. More efficient strains of bacteria can be developed by, for example, sub-lethal infusions of antibiotics together with organic selection. This yields a stronger bacterial base. This has been accomplished in the past with other bacteria. For example, the bacteria Beggiatoa, a marine bacteria, has been enhanced in order cause decay in garbage bags and other plastic materials. Other strains can render PCB's harmless. The bacteria Pseudomonas cepacia has been developed by the University of Illinois Medical School so it can utilize Agent Orange (2,4,5-trichlorophcnoxyacetic acid). The bacteria uses this as the sole carbon source.
The aerobic fermentation continues while the container is filled with garbage, typically a period of time of a week. Once the container is full, the aerobic process continues for a further period of time, typically another week, in order to further degrade the cellulose and build up the heat of the mass as well as the amount of nitrogen. After about one week the container is flooded with an aqueous solution, such as water or liquid residue from the previous cycle. The container is then sealed off from the air. Periodic mixing of the slurry is necessary, at least once a day. In the present embodiment this is accomplished using the high pressure water from the nozzles described above.
After a period of a week, essentially all of the oxygen is consumed so that the system is now anaerobic. However, to reduce the risk of explosion, the container is purged with natural gas which flows through the umbilical hose leading to the manometer described above. After this occurs, the process of anaerobic decomposition can begin. Various microorganisms are useful for this aspect of the method including the following bacterium:
Methanobacterium formicicum
Methanobacterium omelianskii
Methanobacterium sphngenii
Methanobacterium suboxydans
Methanobacterium propionicum
Methanococcus vannielii
Methanococcus rnazei
Methanosarcina Methanica
Methanosarcina barkerii
During the anaerobic degradation, the mixing continues. Methane gas is evolved and is removed from the container, typically for use in commercial or industrial applications. The gas may be held in a holding system prior to use. Once the methanogenic process is completed, and the methane removed, the valves in the drainage tunnel are opened and evacuation of the waste residue takes place. The waste is emptied into a holding pond. The liquid is separated from the solid. The liquid may be rcutilized for flooding the next batch of garbage. A portion of the solid is reutilized for seeding the subsequent batch of garbage with nitrogen. The remainder may be utilized as a nitrogen rich material for use as a natural fertilizer.
It will be understood by someone skilled in the art that many of the details provided above are by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which is to be interpreted with reference to the following claims:

organic waste grinder

Organic Waste Grinder and Juice Extractor
Abstract
The study determined its efficiency by using the experimental method of research.
The grounded macro materials were put into the soil and observed for a week.
The machine was composed of parts designed for better extracting and grinding of the organic waste materials.
Sixteen respondents were chosen to rate and answer the prepared questionnaires. the data were tabulated and interpreted.
Introduction
Accumulation of waste is a major problem in the world. Waste is classified into two types: nonbiodegradable and biodegradable. Biodegradable waste are those that cannot be decomposed, wile biodegradable are those that can be decomposed.
Biodegradable waste are considered to be an important ingredient in plant and soil. In the Philippines, research fields are trying to develop environment-friendly fertilizers.

organic waste


Organic waste in towns and cities is generated by households, businesses, industries and local authorities. It consists of kitchen waste (e.g. potato peelings), waste food (e,g, leftovers in restaurants, spoiled fruit and vegetables from markets), garden waste (e.g. grass clippings and hedge trimmings) and industrial waste (e.g. from agricultural and food processing factories). Of course agriculture produces vast quantities of organic waste such as rice husk, straw and manure. However, this rarely becomes mixed with domestic or commercial organic waste so is not discussed in this brief. In addition, most farmers compost it themselves, as do many urban and peri-urban nurseries.

organic waste


Organic waste
Organic waste is a major component of municipal solid waste. Most originates from household waste but commercial, institutional and industrial waste can also contain significant proportions of organic waste e.g. market waste. Organic waste is biodegradable and can be processed in the presence of oxygen by composting or in the absence of oxygen using anaerobic digestion. Both methods produce a soil conditioner, which when prepared correctly can also be used as a valuable source of nutrients in urban agriculture. Anaerobic digestion also produces methane gas an important source of bio-energy

body temperature and fat

Ask A Scientist©
Zoology Archive
Temperature and Metabolism
name Don
status student
age 30s
Question - My question has to deal with body temperature and fat
burning. The human body works to maintain a homeostatic temperature,
usually about 98.6 degrees F. Fuel is burned in the body to generate
heat through metabolism to sustain this. One of those sources of fuel is
fat stored in our body. Can there be any significant fat loss in the
body if the body temperature is lowered by external conditions, thus
forcing the increase in metabolism? I see that many swimmers seem to be
very low in body fat percentage. They may spend much time devoted to
swimming in water with a temperature that is quite a bit lower than that
of the human body. I understand that there are other factors involved in
swimming that would cause fat burning besides just temperature. If a
person were to drink cold water throughout the day during sedentary
periods and assuming this cold water was able to decrease body
temperature, would he or she find any significant results in fat burning?
I'm curious as to your take on this subject.
Don,
Well, you'd have to drink a darn lot of water to make a dent. 1 Calorie =
energy to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree celsius. Let's say you drink ice
water = 0 C, raised to your body temperature, = 35 C or so. If you drink a
gallon a day, 4 liters, that's only 140 Calories. That's a lot of
water. Plus you put stress on your body drinking that much, as it has to
fight to keep from losing ions. Plus you'll be going to the bathroom all
the time. Maybe if you combine that with having only one bathroom on the
top story of a 10 story building with no elevator, you'd see a big effect.
The physique of swimmers has far more to do with their exertion levels than
with water temperature, otherwise you'd expect them to be leaner than
runners or rowers or cyclists etc, which just isn't the case. Swimmers may
have a slight advantage in that even in hot weather they won't suffer much
thermal discomfort at high levels of exertion, but beyond that I don't see
water heat conduction playing a large part.
Donald Yee Ph.D. San Francisco Estuary Institute
180 Richmond Field Station, 1325 South 46th St. Richmond, CA 94804
=======================================================
I don't think cold water can decrease body temperature. By the time it
reaches the body it has been through the entire digestive system and is
warmed to body temperature. Even in swimmers in cool water the body
temperature shouldn't drop significantly. The capillaries in the skin will
vasocontrict to keep the core of the body the same temperature. While its
true that to KEEP that temperature at 98.6 the body probably will burn more
calories, just as your furnace does in the winter, the only way that fat will
be burned is if the carbohydrate stores are depleted first. Glucose is the
body's preferred energy source and it will use that until it runs out. Then
it starts converting other food sources INTO glucose. Fat can be turned into
glucose a little at a time until there is no need for it anymore.
Van Hoeck

Tuesday, January 26, 2010

kinds of researches

Kinds of researches

The main aim of research is to contribute new knowledge such as new facts, generalizations, techniques, equipment, procedures, new substances or solutions to certain problems. There are two types of research that one may undertake:

a) Pure research is conducted with no immediate objective in mind although the results may lead to solutions of problems in other fields, which at that time has an immediate purpose. Problems in pure science require more time and better qualities of the mind. Some examples are researches on the structure of the nucleus, mass-energy relationship, recombinant DNA, structure of the atom, etc.
b) Applied research is conducted with an immediate purpose in mind. The results will have immediate applications. It requires less time and concentrates on a scientific problem. Some examples are developing a new packaging material; studying the effect of temperature on a certain process, developing a biodegradable plastic, etc.

Because of the limitations of time and available resources and the fact that. the level of your knowledge and skills is not yet comparable to those of an experienced scientist, it is advisable for you to work on very simple problems first. At the beginning, your teacher will assign you to investigate a problem in a highly structured manner. Try to follow these and learn from the experience. You will then be given a semi-structured problem, wherein you are expected to make your own experimental design, execute the study, and make your final report. At the end, given a problem situation, you are expected to be able to pose your own research question(s), propose hypothesis(es), design and execute your experiments and make your final report.

Science investigatory project

Outline of a scientific investigation

Research cannot be planned in advance with great precision such as in mass production of a tool. True scientists do not follow a prescribed set of laboratory procedures, since it is an exploration to the unknown. General principles, techniques, and guides, however, can be given in an attempt to minimize the mistakes and commit fewer wrong decisions.

The following basic steps in conducting a research project serve only as guide. This basic outline may be modified according to the innate wisdom of the experimenter. The outline covers the major phases of the scientific method.

1. Select your topic

In choosing the topic, consider the following:

a. Degree of difficulty - Examine this carefully in relation to your skills, knowledge, and experience level.
b. Time available - Estimate the time you need for planning, literature research, setting up the project, executing it, assembling results, and drawing conclusions. Allow for a margin of safety for possible errors.
c. Necessary resources and expense - These include manpower, equipment, and materials needed. List them down and find out if these are all available.
d. Collateral readings and availability of advice - This may be necessary on critical points in the experiments. You may consult knowledgeable people in your community, including your own parents if you are working on a local problem.

2. Know your subject

§ Know the background of the problem, how it arose, why it is important and what will be done with the results. The best source of information is the library. Nowadays, a virtual library exists in the INTERNET. You can also ask the persons who have done related work on that problem and are recognized authorities on the subject.

§ At this stage, establish the theoretical background of the problem. Know what has been done before by other investigators in the same area and what new findings you can contribute.

3. Define/identify your problem

§ State your problem with care, defining your objectives and expressing its limits. A careful statement of the problem will minimize waste and points the way to its solutions. What are the questions you are trying to answer in your investigation?

4. Plan your project

§ This step covers hypothesis building and experimental design. What are your hypotheses or what are your expected outcomes of the investigation, based on the theoretical background that you have established? Start with a well-thought-out hypothesis.
§ Decide on the place, time, equipment, materials, and procedures you will use. Try to foresee problems that may occur and be ready with possible solutions.
§ Make your experiments as quantitative as possible. Make a judgment on the accuracy that you want and design your experiments accordingly.

5. Keep a complete notebook

§ Meticulously record all your observations, data, procedures, setups, and questions. Even mistakes or failed experiments are very important. Negative results do not mean failed experiments. They have as much value as positive results. Often, what are considered as failures can lead to experiments of considerable importance.
§ Record your data using proper number of significant figures depending on the accuracy of the measuring instrument or device that you used.

6. Start your experiments.

§ All scientific studies must be systematic. The value of each experiment must be carefully reviewed. Conditions for each experiment must be controlled to get reproducible results. Experiments without controls, generally is not a scientific study.
§ Do numerical calculations as you collect data. Apply the rules on significant figures in your calculations.

7. End your experiments.

§ When do you end an experiment? Sometimes this can be a ticklish question. In the course of your work, you may come up with questions other than the one you have originally asked. A usual stopping point is when you realize you have discovered something significant, not necessarily what you are seeking.
§ Analyze and evaluate your results periodically. Recognize errors which may have been committed. The teacher adviser can advise when to stop.

8. Write your report

§ The project ends with a report and/or an exhibit. There are accepted formats in reporting a science investigation, depending on the purpose of the report.
§ The discussion of results should cover not only what you have observed or the data collected, but the most important part is your careful analysis of the data gathered and observations made. Careful analysis requires prior organization of data collected into tables and/or graphs. Your analysis will lead you to explanations, an understanding of cause and effect. From the analysis and explanations, draw your generalizations and conclusions within the limitations of the experiments done.

9. Prepare an exhibit (for science fair).
This is optional. An exhibit is a visual display that carefully presents the scientific material. There are certain guidelines in representing the exhibit.